8 101 x Until recently it was thought that Homo erectus (called by some scholars H. ergaster) moved out of Africa around 1.0 million years ago. However, stone tools and charcoal discovered with skeletal remains of H. erectus here and at a few other sites have been found to date around 1.8 million years ago, a similar age to the earliest H. erectus in Africa.
# Yuanmou
9 101 x Many bones of H. erectus have been found in Indonesia and Java, the earliest specimens, dated 1.8 million years ago , coming from Sangiran. This area is about the most easterly habitat of H. erectus, and their spread this far by such an early date seems remarkable. No stone tools were found in this area.
# Sangiran
10 101 x Abundant tools of a primitive type, perhaps related to the Oldowan technology, dated around 730,000 BC, were found beside a waterhole where animals came to drink. Numerous bones of these animals, especially extinct bison and elephant, were found along with the tools: the site seems to have been used by hominids for hunting or scavenging.
# Isernia La Pineta
11 101 x One of the earliest sites in Europe, dated around 9-700,000 BC. Here hominids camped in the open, building a small wall to give some protection from the elements.
# Soleihac
13 101 x A coastal camp, repeatedly occupied for a brief period every spring around 300,000 years ago. The distribution of material on this site has been interpreted as evidence for small huts made of branches. Stones were arranged to form hearths.
# Terra Amata, Terra Amata hut
14 101 x During several warm periods around 330,000 BC early humans camped here beside a stream where it would be easy to catch animals that came to drink or to scavenge those that died. In the earlier, very warm period animals included elephants and rhino; later the fauna was that of a more open environment, including horses and wild cattle.
# Swanscombe
15 101 x A lakeside site occupied before 500,000 BC in which organic remains have been preserved: these include wooden tools and woodworking debris. From the distribution of material it has been possible to identify shelters and areas for making tools and butchering game like rhinos. The locality also offered plentiful plant foods.
# Bilzingsleben, optional: antler pick
16 101 x At these two adjacent sites, finds of charcoal, large quantities of elephant bone and stone tools all together suggest that early people co-operated here to hunt these vast beasts, using torches to drive them into the natural trap of the boggy lake-shore.
# Torralba-Ambrona, elephant
17 101 x Stone tools and a hominid skull show that hominids camped by this lake around 1 million years ago, probably repeatedly in the course of seasonal movement. This is the earliest site of Homo in West Asia, much later than sites in Georgia and East Asia, illustrating the vagaries of preservation and discovery.
# Ubeidiya
18 101 x The site of Hoxne has given its name to a period of very warm climate, the Hoxnian Interglacial, dated probably around 330,000 BC. At this time hominids intermediate between H. erectus (or H. ergaster) and modern humans lived here, making tools including handaxes. Studies of their use-wear show that some were used for cutting up meat.
# Hoxne, Hoxne handaxe
19 17 51 5
# IS Levallois technique
20 0 51 18
# IW Zhoukoudian and E Asia
22 101 x Heidelberg in Germany produced a jaw bone of a species called after the site, Homo heidelbergensis. Most early human remains in Europe can be assigned to this species, which is thought to be a descendant of the first hominids on Europe. These were probably related to African hominids, known as H. erectus or H. ergaster.
# Heidelberg
23 101 x During several warm periods around 330,000 BC early humans camped here beside a stream where it would be easy to catch animals that came to drink or to scavenge those that died. In the earlier, very warm period animals included elephants and rhino; later the fauna was that of a more open environment, including horses and wild cattle.
# Swanscombe- copy!
24 101 x A shaft in a Spanish cave into which more than 30 dead individuals were thrown, probably at a date around 300,000 BP. These people were archaic H. sapiens. The deposition of their bodies suggests the beginnings of deliberate disposal of the dead, an intellectual advance that is usually credited to the later Neanderthals.
# Atapuerca
25 101 x Bones at this site dated around 0.8 million years ago may be the oldest hominid remains in Europe. The fragments came from four individuals, including an adolescent and a small child. The bones, which are not quite like any others, illustrate the difficulty of classifying fossil hominid remains: should these be assigned to a new species?
# Gran Dolina
26 0 51 17
# IW The Piltdown forgery
27 17 51 1
# IS Becoming Human
28 23 51 1
#Ice Ages
29 101 x Acheulean toolkits are distinguished by their inclusion of handaxes, pear-shaped and often aesthetically pleasing general-purpose tools. These were used by hominids in Africa from around 1.5 million years ago, and by the early hominids of Europe and South Asia. Different toolkits (known as chopper-chopping tool industries) were associated with the hominids of much of Asia and of the eastern fringes of Europe.
# Acheulean tools
30 101 x Until recently, the classic Homo erectus of East Asia was regarded as belonging to the same species as contemporary African hominids. Now many scholars have come to believe that there are significant differences between them. They prefer to classify the East Asian hominids as a separate species, retaining the name H. erectus, and to rename the African and probably the very early East Asian hominids H. ergaster.
# Hominids in East Asia
31 101 x So few bones of hominids have been found that it is often difficult to determine how many species they represent and which are related to which. Early European and some African hominids are various attributed to Homo heidelbergensis and archaic H. sapiens. They are regarded as descendants of African H. erectus (now called H. ergaster by many scholars) and were probably the ancestors both of the European Neanderthals and of modern humans in Africa.
# species attribution
32 101 x In 1994, the shin bone and teeth of some early people (archaic Homo sapiens), dated around 500,000 BC, was discovered at Boxgrove in southern England, together with the handaxes that they used. These are the earliest human remains known from northern Europe.
